Wastewater Surveillance for Early Detection of Viral Pathogens: A New Frontier in Public Health

Abstract

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive tool for the early detection and monitoring of viral pathogens at the population level. Initially popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic, WBE provides real-time insights into community-level infection trends by detecting viral RNA in sewage. This approach enables proactive responses to emerging public health threats, particularly in asymptomatic or underreported populations. This paper explores the principles, benefits, and challenges of wastewater surveillance and examines its application in tracking SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus, norovirus, and enteroviruses. We discuss global case studies, methodological advancements, and integration into existing surveillance networks.